A Brief Note On The American Red Cross - 1759 Words

One of the greatest tragedies to strike mankind in this day and age is a natural disaster, in particular, a hurricane. In October 2012 Hurricane Sandy made landfall in the United States causing more than $60 billion in damage and killing around 200 people. There are a few companies that deal with natural disasters and help out as many affected people as possible, one of the largest being the American Red Cross. Founded in 1881, the American Red Cross assists not only disasters in the United States, but all around the world. The American Red Cross was one of the leading nonprofits during Hurricane Sandy, helping those affected by the storm in as many ways as possible. One of the greatest issues that the Red Cross has to deal with is†¦show more content†¦The American Red Cross’ works not only with disaster relief, but the company also consists of many other distinct branches. They help out not only with disaster relief but also with supporting military families, taking blood donations, health and safety services, and also international services. The main focus for this essay will be disaster relief, specifically hurricanes. In 2012, when Hurricane Sandy reached to the United States, the American Red Cross was one of the leading disaster relief companies. According to the American Red Cross’ website, the following were used to provide relief to the United States from Hurricane Sandy: over 300 emergency response vehicles, nearly 7,000,000 relief items, more than 17,000,000 meals, 74,000 overnight stays in shelter, 113,000 emotional support and health contacts, and over 17,000 trained disaster workers were deployed (Disaster Relief Services). The Red Cross takes donations not only from charitable individuals but they also take donations from large corporations, including 3M, General Electric and Wal-Mart (PR, N.) Donations to the Red Cross, totaling approximately $313.1 million as of September 30, 2015 are spread out in many different ways. Th ere are four main forms of assistance in which the money from the donations are spread out. These types of assistance are broken up as individual casework and assistance, food and shelter, housing and community assistance, and relief items.Show MoreRelatedThe General Dress Code Follows The Principle Of Tpo1457 Words   |  6 Pagesidentity; meanwhile, the dress should be based on different associating purposes and object. In brief, you must dress up appropriately and fits the occasion(Lee). Additionally, we have heard the phrases like â€Å"Clothes make the man† and â€Å"Dress for success†, which make dressing up so important that it would influence your life. â€Å"Lefkowitz, Blake, and Mouton (1955) had an experimenter in a city cross the street against the traffic. When he was dressed in a suit, three-and-a-half times as many peopleRead MoreCardiovascular System : The Heart Rate1292 Words   |  6 Pages The cardiac output increases and there is a quicker recovery from excursus due to a lower resting heart rate. There is also a reduced risk of heart disease and an increased number of capillaries in the muscles and an increased volume of blood and red blood cells. (Seeley, R. et al. 2013) The Respiratory system When exercising the respiratory system becomes more efficient at delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide. To meet the increasing oxygen demands from working muscles, additionalRead More Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pageslast very long. However, the United States Health and Human Services Department (1998) estimates there is about 3.2 million Americans that suffer from a psychological anxiety disorder called obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Those who suffer from this condition have frequent upsetting and unreasonable thoughts, worries, or fears. The Harvard Mental Health Letter (1998) notes that: â€Å"The most common obsessional theme is cleanliness (dirt and germs), followed by aggression and sex, safety, and orderRead More Milton Glaser was a Significant Contributor to the Graphic Art World1696 Words   |  7 Pagesimpacted on me. I was a child and a teenager in the 60 70 and 80’s so it was always going to be someone who had left a legacy in these years. These were the years that my interest in all forms of art began to emerge. At this time I started to take note of visual information. Concert posters and album covers were how I chose my preferred bands and artists. Labels and brands were growing in importance and had started to become status symbols. Lastly I have been an art viewer for quite some timeRead MoreColor and Mood1595 Words   |  7 Pagesdecrease (Clark et al., 1989; Murray et al., 2002). However, this finding is similar to research by Watson et al. (1999) who found that mood tended to be less positive in the evening and most positive during midday. Nevertheless, it is important to note that there is still a possibility that these mood differences in negative affect and shyness are not due to the different times of day, but they could be due to other confounds, such as having different professors. For instance, Van Orden and JoinerRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesHolmes wasn t even in the first draft! In a later draft with Sherlock Holmes first appearance, John Reeves, an experienced policeman was the main character while Sherlock Holmes came in as a man by the name of Sheringford Holmes, where he makes a brief cameo in the beginning (Cawthorne 14). John Reeves also had a r oommate named â€Å"Ormond Sacker† who would later become John Watson (Cawthorne 14)! How did this happen? How could Sir Arthur Conan Doyle go from an â€Å"Ormond Sacker† to a â€Å"John Watson†? WellRead MoreEssay on Hiroshima, A Journalistic Narrative1632 Words   |  7 Pages Hiroshima, is a journalistic narrative, written in third person and focusing on the action of the six main characters. The setting is in Hiroshima, Japan. The story unfolds on the morning of August 6th, 1945. In the middle of the morning, the American army swoops in on the city with a bomb of an enormous power. It is so excruciatingly powerful that it manages to wipe out almost half of the population, 100,000 people (there were a total of 250,000 people living in Hiroshima). 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Author Anthony Di Renzo notes the effectiveness of O’Connor’s use of thematic revelation.Rather than opposing one another, good and evil instead exist as â€Å"equally odd, equally absurd, and equally shocking† (122).The good and evil ironically converge to relay the message of graceRead MoreLiterary Origins, Cultural Relevance, And Documentary Techniques2930 Words   |  12 PagesRebecca Holland Visual Anthropology Dracula and Friends - Literary Origins, Cultural Relevance, and Documentary Techniques in the Cinematic Space of the American Vampire Film Beginning with a debut in American cinema in 1927 (1), the vampire has enjoyed a long and illustrious cinematic sojourn that has tracked a number of changes in his or her appearance, demeanor, personality, style of undeath, and relationship to humankind. At first an intimate invader, then a source of terror to be loathedRead MoreTranslation of Newspapers. Problems of British-American Press Headlines Translation15808 Words   |  64 PagesSCIENCE AND EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN SULEYMAN DEMIREL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT SPECIALITY 050207 â€Å"TRANSLATION STUDIES† DIPLOMA THESIS â€Å"TRANSLATION OF NEWSPAPERS. PROBLEMS OF BRITISH-AMERICAN PRESS HEADLINES TRANSLATION.† Almaty 2011 PLAN I. Introduction ....................................................................................................3 II. Chapter

Evidence Based Practice And Practice - 1635 Words

A. In today s society, there is a great deal of research and practice about evidence based practice. Most of this is highly sought upon in the field of psychology, where evidence and decision making is key to accomplishing new ideas of treatments for people who retain psychiatric problems. The meaning of evidence-based practice in psychology is that it involves making very educated and supported decisions based on punctilious, unambiguous, and astute evidence (Rousseau Gunia, 2016). With evidence-based practice, it assists in raising and deriving the issue of what evidence really is, the strength of the evidence, and how practitioners can improve the quality of their evidence (Rousseau Gunia, 2016). Evidence is a major factor because†¦show more content†¦Third, professionals who are given new, unusual, and unfamiliar situations may have trouble with accessing and retrieving new evidence (Rousseau Gunia, 2016). Among these main issues, other criticisms that have arose sinc e its beginning include the effectiveness of treatments and evidence. The first criticism states that evidence-based practice has only one approach, which is only one approach for all people. This is an error within itself and in practice because not all people have the same illnesses and not all people respond to one treatment in the same way (Rousseau Gunia, 2016). Another criticism is that the practice mainly relies on randomly controlled trials (RCTs), which involves randomly allocating one or other of the different treatments under study. This may affect the patient solemnly on the fact the patient may be receiving only one form of treatment that may increase or decrease effectiveness against their illness, or may be receiving a treatment that has not fully researched and may be excessively failing (Rousseau Gunia, 2016). Evidence-based practice may also rely heavily on human judgement, which may affect a practitioner s decision on what type of evidence to use before conducti ng practice on a patient. Their judgement may not be very stable and acceptable, thus causing various problems in their practice and

Great Power Hegemony Free Essays

Name: Sayed Jamaluddin Firozi, St no: 1B1019 Great power hegemony There is a question that which system (empire, balance of power, concert of power or great power hegemony) provides the best conditions for advancing peace, prosperity and civilization? There are several opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the functions, abilities and disabilities of them to maintaining the peace and stability in international arena. But I want to argue on hegemonic power system as a preventer of war among states and a maintainer of peace as comparison to other suggested types of system for advancing peace, stability and civilization in all over the world. Hegemonic power system is the best system for advancing peace, prosperity and preventing war among states comparing to other types of systems such as empire, balance of power, and concert of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Power Hegemony or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I will argue that as history of international relations show most wars and conflicts among states occurred in a lack of a hegemonic power because a hegemonic power try to act as a policeman and don’t let the states to start war. If war happens mostly the super power will enter the war to stop it because the hegemonic power does see itself as a policeman to have the right to intervene. So, hegemonic power is good for making peace and stability in the world. There are many reasons that great power hegemony system could be the best option for developing peace and preventing the war. It is clear that two world wars happened in the absence of a great hegemonic power. For example if in the 1910s there was great power hegemony the First World War may did not happen. In addition, hegemonic power system naturally makes its allies and don’t want to go just for its own interest but also look for others as well. In contrast in balance of power each actor in the system try to pursue its national interests and want to increase the power in terms of military or other resources. Furthermore, great power hegemony can be very helpful in cooperation among states, because the hegemonic power bear the most cost of transaction in the system. For example USA as a hegemonic state â€Å"pays the 22 percent regular expenditure of United Nation and 25 percent of the budget while UN goes for peacekeeping operations around the world. On the other hand, â€Å"the system of balance of power doesn’t seem to contribute the cooperation among states but in contrast it pushes the states to go for a competition and armament race because each state in the system will increase its capabilities to make the balance in the system. Eventually this competition will lead nation state to build its arm forces†. However, there are some arguments about the weakness of hegemonic power to prevent states from going to war. They argue that hegemonic power has its own limitations in term of internal and external barriers to go as policeman around the world. This arguments see very good and logic. But they don’t have any proposal that which system could be the best to make the world more peaceful and prosperous. So, despite these points of view the other types of system such as balance of power or concert of power likely aren’t good replacement for great power hegemony system to be succeeded for making peace and stability in the world. So I will try to give more examples from history of international relations to show the other systems (empire and balance of power or concert of power) couldn’t make a stable and peaceful world. But mostly went to war and there was fear of attack from other country in the era of those systems. In conclusion, there might be some suggestion for advancing peace, prosperity and stability within the system of great power hegemony. References: 1. Luard, Evan. The balance of power: The System of International Relations, 1648 – 1815, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1992. 2. Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, Random House, New York, 1987 3. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996. 4. Journal of Peace Research. 5. Brooking Institution Press. 6. The Better World Campaign. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. . U. S. Dues and Contributions to the United Nations, The Better World Campaign, http://www. betterworldcampaign. org/issues/funding/us-dues-and-contributions. h tml , [ 3 ]. . Journal of p eace research, 1964-2007 (Vols. 1-44), http://www. jstor. org/stable/422972? seq=3 How to cite Great Power Hegemony, Papers

Development in Oil and Gas Retail Industries Europe and United States

Question: Evaluate the potential of technological change on the energy retailing industry in the next decade. Critically discuss the implications of recent trends and changes within the supply chain of the UK petroleum retail marke. Answer: Introduction: Europe and United states are interested to import the liquid fuels from the Middle East countries. It is essential for those countries which have high demand of liquid fuel. As stated by Mitchell et al. (2012), the demand for the liquid fuel is gradually increasing due to release of household cooking items and new launched vehicles. The Shell is the global group of producing petrochemical and energy. The organization has around 101,000 employees in more than 140 countries (Williams et al. 2012). It has been observed that Shell has the aim to fulfill the world's growing demand of energy in the economy. The Shell provides oil change service, convenience stores, gas and petrol in more than countries. It has been noticed that not only Shell but also British Petroleum has started the globalization process in their business. The BP has taken different strategies for developing their petroleum business such as liberalization, free trade, globalization of economic activities, connectivity, b orderless globe and others. It has been observed that the British Petroleum has reserved more over 1202 million metric tons of crude oil and 1437 billion cubic meters of natural gas on 2010 (bbc.com 2016). As opined by Erickson and Winters (2012), the crude oil production is gradually increased by 0.55% (bbc.com 2016). Challenges of the existing oil and gas retail sector: The oil and gas retail industry has gone through massive disruption due to the price hike of the petroleum. As per the general news report, it has been observed that Britain oil and gas organization has assumed that they have faced the biggest challenge in last 50 years (Liu et al. 2012). As argued by Albino et al. (2012), the challenges faced by the Britain oil industry is due to the low level of exploration. The UKs oil and gas companies have said that they were drilled only 15 wells last year. The drilling system of wells is the healthy level of investment. The production companies have claimed that the exploration drilling was gradually down from 44 wells to 20 wells during six years. As per Annual Activity Survey by Oil and Gas UK has found that the well drilling system has influenced the fuel production cost up to 15% on last year (bbc.com 2016). It has been noticed that the price of the oil barrel hasincreased by 27% and it reached 17 (Sun et al. 2012). The oil and gas retail organization has faced strong challenge due to the price hike of per barrel by 30 which is almost double of the last years barrel price. The rising price was applied on the previous week in Centrica. The oil and gas retail organization has decided to make the future investment in Norway and North America (Liu et al. 2012). The oil and gas retailers have claimed that the petrol and diesel price increased due to the production tax payments to the UK government. On another hand, the UK Treasury has expected that due to low production ratio the Tax collection will be decreased from 6.5 billion to 3 billion (Liu et al. 2012). It has been noticed that no investors are interested in investing in the oil and gas retail business. However, it has been found that the ratio of petrol price increment is slightly decreased from 14.4 billion to 13 billion and the organizations are interested in investing in the oil and gas retail segment (Pollitt 2012). According to Marchand (2012), the fuel production rise and new wells drilled are two main reasons for creating the price hike of fuel in the international market and considered as primary barriers for the oil and gas retail organization. It has been observed that the UK oil and gas producingorganization has decreased their production by 8% which is equal to the 1.43 million barrels of per day (Christopherson and Rightor 2012). The oil and gas retail organizations expect that the production of the refined petroleum and gas will improve due to new investment plan of 2 new organizations. The environmental impact of the petroleum industry is always negative because petroleum iand its production is considered as toxic for the human life, environment and main reason for climate change. Petrol is closely linked with the virtually all aspects in the society such as transportation, heating of homes, many commercial and industrial activities. Crude oil is a mixture of different kind of organic compounds which are highly toxic. As argued by Ates and Durakbasa (2012), the toxicity of the crude oil may cause cancer. On another hand, the exhaust of the burned fuel generates the carbon monoxide, methanol. Christopherson and Rightor (2012) stated that the exhaust gas affected the human and animal lung and caused the heart problem. Nitrogen gas is generated by the high temperature of the combustion of the oil and may cause acid rain. The acid rain causes the dead tree, acidified the lakes with dead fish. The human burns large number of petroleum is used by the human for the differ ent purpose and generates a large number of CO2 which heats up the atmosphere. It has been noticed that the growing countries are depending on the renewable energies like solar energy, biofuel, ethanol fuel gradually becomes familiar. Many countries like Brazil and USA start producing ethanol fuel and make it mandatory for the country (Barth 2013). Therefore, the nonconventional energy is the main competitor of the petrol and gasoline. It has been noticed that the biofuel is comparative cheap and containing almost no environmental. Therefore, the most of the developing countries start to us the biofuel and the car industry also began to produce the biofuel cars (Del et al. 2012). The geopolitics of oil fundamentally changes due to the interregional oil trade division between eastern and western hemisphere. Therefore, the issue regarding the oil import from the Middle East countries is also a challenge for the oil and gas retailers of UK. Potential of technological change: The oil and gas retail industry has faced a strong challenge due to different reason such as the production cost increment, bad impact on the environment and competition with the biofuel. Therefore, the oil and gas retail organization needs to take some initial steps to develop global oil and gas retail market. Monopoly of the transport market: It has been noticed that most of the environment conscious countries depend upon the biofuel. Moreover than 30% car industry already moves towards the biofuel (Forsyth 2014). The main advantage for the biofuel cars are their low carbon emission ratio. Apart from that the low price and easy availability in some countries make this biofuel as a popular replacement of petrol. Many cars have been banned due to the government legislation regarding the limitation of the carbon emission. On 2011 major importing countries have adopted the strong policies about the emission of carbon and efficiency of the vehicle (Bremmer 2014). It has been observed that the car industry has changed their strategy to survive in the competition market. They have started the production of the biofuel cars. The Brazil and USA have exported the more over billion of biofuel all over the world. Therefore, the automotive industry is an important lifeline for petroleum and gas retail industry. The automotive industry needs to use the catalyst converter in the exhaust system of the new cars. The supercharger is acted like a two different filtering system in the automobile exhaust system. The catalyst converter converts the toxic pollutant of the exhaust gas through the catalyst redox reaction such as oxidation or reduction. The catalyst converter converts the carbon mono-oxide in to carbon dioxide and maintains the carbon cycle. Therefore, the car industry and the fuel industry not face the challenge of environment protection act and gradually increase the demand of oil and gas. Frontier acreage and access to reserves: Frontier acreage challenge refers to the exploration and development of the new field in the different location. It has been observed that any popular places as cities are covered by at least 2 -3 oil and gas retailers (Barth 2013). Therefore, the existing companies have almost no scope to find out any comparatively low challenge business location. On another hand the reserve system of the oil; and gas retail organizations are limited. Therefore, the oil and gas retail organizations do get chances to store the oil and gas in a huge amount. Therefore the oil and gas companies need to develop the storage in multiple places to store oil and gas so that the demand and supply ratio will be maintained properly. The demand and supply ratio help the production industry to manage their production cost. Rising emerging market demand: As stated by Marchand (2012), moreover 51% oil and gas retail organization has claimed that they have earned the profit through the significant investment in the emerging market for China and other Asian countries. As argued by Sueyoshi and Wang (2014), in most cases the performance of the organizations in the emerging market depends upon the government pricing policy. Sometimes it has been observed that the foreign direct investment increase the bargaining power of the government. Therefore the oil and gas organization need to be more conscious of the investment plan in the emerging market. Modeling: It has been observed that the oil and gas retail organizations use the modern technology such as production frontier analysis. This new technology helps the organization to understand the Malmquist index to identify the production change as well as the expected price of the new product. Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (MTFP) helps the organization to identify the technological change, efficiency change and scale change of the production (Forsyth 2014). MTFPvrs = TCvrs.ECvrs.SCvrs. TCvrs refers to a technical change under vrs, and the ECvrs express the efficiency change under vrs. SCvrs defines the scale change under vrs. As opined by Christopherson and Rightor (2012), the technological change in the oil and gas retail sector is highly influenced by two different things such as innovation and learning by doing. On another hand, the oil and gas retail organizations use DEA for analyzing data and identify the best practice frontier (Marchand 2012). The DEA presents the nonparametric mathematical programming techniques which express the correct estimation of relative efficiency of the production unit. Advance ICE: The average fuel economies i.e.UK corporate are have remained almost same for last 10 years which is nearly 27.5 miles per gallon. Therefore, it gradually increases this year due to the technological improvement of the vehicles. The experts are expected that the ratio will be nearly 35.5 miles per gallon and 54.5 miles on 2025 (Ates and Durakbasa 2012). It can be identified that on 2025 the technological improvement ration of UK remains below the European and Chinese standard. It has been observed that the customers are demanding more fuel efficient vehicle. Now the car manufacturers also installed the computer controlled and software controlled fuel monitoring system to make the car most economic vehicle (Liu et al. 2012). Some popular car manufacturer such as AUDI, BMW, Volvo, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen and Nissan also launched the electric car to compete with the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars. Therefore, the competition among the technologies creates more attractive, high e fficient and low cost alternatives for the customers. On another hand, the installation charge of the solar power charging unit also drops about 2.85 per watt on 2012 (Mekhilef et al. 2012.). Therefore the many people have started to use the solar energy converter unit for domestic use instead of the regular energy. Therefore the alternative components and resource are considered as a technological improvement and have a great impact on the fuel and gas retail business. Conclusion: In this report the actual issues of the oil and gas retail organizations has been discussed. The oil and gas retail organizations have faced main challenge due to price hike of the production plant. The production plants also claimed that they already invested huge amount of money for drilling wells. It has been noticed that the no new well has been drilled during 2011 to 2013. Therefore, the production organization initially drilled several wells to supply the crude oil to the refinery. Apart from this, the demand for the petrol and gasoline is reduced due to the ethanol fuel. Therefore, the fuel and gas retailers need to take the help of different technological change such as reduce the pollution level of the fuel through the refinery, influenced the car manufacturer to install the catalyst charge in the exhaust system of the cars. Installation of the Malmquist index in their key business location and to influence the car manufacturer to implement the advance ICE technology in the cars are another two efficient process for development of oil and gas retail business. Reference list: Albino, V., Dangelico, R.M. and Pontrandolfo, P., 2012. Do inter-organizational collaborations enhance a firm's environmental performance? A study of the largest US companies.Journal of Cleaner Production,37, pp.304-315. Ates, S.A. and Durakbasa, N.M., 2012. Evaluation of corporate energy management practices of energy intensive industries in Turkey.Energy,45(1), pp.81-91. Barth, J.M., 2013. The economic impact of shale gas development on state and local economies: Benefits, costs, and uncertainties.NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy,23(1), pp.85-101. bbc.com (2016). British Gas to raise prices by 9.2% - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-24562930 [Accessed 28 Mar. 2016]. Bremmer, I., 2014. The new rules of globalization.harvard Business review,92(1), pp.103-107. Christopherson, S. and Rightor, N., 2012. How shale gas extraction affects drilling localities: Lessons for regional and city policy makers.Journal of Town and City Management,2(4), pp.350-368. del Granado, F.J.A., Coady, D. and Gillingham, R., 2012. The unequal benefits of fuel subsidies: A review of evidence for developing countries.World Development,40(11), pp.2234-2248. Erickson, B. and Winters, P., 2012. Perspective on opportunities in industrial biotechnology in renewable chemicals.Biotechnology journal,7(2), pp.176-185. Forsyth, T., 2014.International investment and climate change: energy technologies for developing countries. Routledge. Liu, Z., Geng, Y., Lindner, S., Zhao, H., Fujita, T. and Guan, D., 2012. Embodied energy use in China's industrial sectors.Energy Policy,49, pp.751-758. Marchand, J., 2012. Local labor market impacts of energy boom-bust-boom in Western Canada.Journal of Urban Economics,71(1), pp.165-174. Mekhilef, S., Safari, A., Mustaffa, W.E.S., Saidur, R., Omar, R. and Younis, M.A.A., 2012. Solar energy in Malaysia: current state and prospects.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(1), pp.386-396. Mitchell, J., Marcel, V. and Mitchell, B., 2012.What next for the oil and gas industry?. Chatham House. Pollitt, M.G., 2012. The role of policy in energy transitions: Lessons from the energy liberalisation era.Energy Policy,50, pp.128-137. Sueyoshi, T. and Wang, D., 2014. Sustainability development for supply chain management in US petroleum industry by DEA environmental assessment.Energy Economics,46, pp.360-374. Sun, H., Yang, Y., Li, H., Zhang, J. and Sun, N., 2012. Development of multiresidue analysis for twenty phthalate esters in edible vegetable oils by microwave-assisted extractiongel permeation chromatographysolid phase extractiongas chromatographytandem mass spectrometry.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,60(22), pp.5532-5539. Williams, J.H., DeBenedictis, A., Ghanadan, R., Mahone, A., Moore, J., Morrow, W.R., Price, S. and Torn, M.S., 2012. The technology path to deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts by 2050: the pivotal role of electricity.science,335(6064), pp.53-59.

The Author Argues That The Spanish Were Completely At Fault For The To

The author argues that the Spanish were completely at fault for the total destruction of the Aztec Empire. In Broken spears, the author explains how many factors other than Spanish power contributed to the downfall of the Aztecs. Not only did the Spanish have many advantages over the Aztecs, but also they also exploited them and took advantage of the cultural difference. The main key aspects to the Spanish victory, is that the Spanish were viewed as gods at first because of their appearance, the Aztecs welcomed the Spanish with gifts and festivities, which showed the Spanish had total control of people. The Aztecs also held a ritual ceremony for the arrival of the "god" that included a human sacrifice, which was seen by the Spanish as a disgusting act, this trigged Spanish hatred for the Aztecs. When the Spanish saw the resources that the Aztecs had, they quickly started taking advantage of the Aztecs weaknesses. The Spanish had more power; they were better equipped than the Aztecs a nd more advanced. The Aztecs' leader Montecuhzoma was a weak leader, he was more of a coward, more concerned with his well being and safety than the safety of his people and kingdom so he quickly surrendered under pressure. The Spanish used surrounding enemy tribes to take over the Aztec lands, then began to massacre men, women and children. When the Aztec became angry and started to fight back, they were quickly wrecked by the diseases the Spanish brought with them such as small pox and measles. The Spanish were immune to these diseases because they were well known in Europe and they had been exposed to them for years, but the Aztecs weren't so entire villages were wiped out in just few weeks which cleared the way for the Spanish to entirely conquer and destroy the Aztec empire. Leon-Portilla based the stories told in this book upon old writings of actual Aztec people who survived the Spanish massacres. The actual authors of the stories told in this book are priests, wise men and regular people who survived the killings. These stories represent the more realistic view of what really happened during the Spanish conquest. Most of the history about the Aztec Empire was based on Spanish accounts of events, but Leon-Portilla used writings from actual survivors to illustrate the true history from the Indians' point of view. The book focuses on how the Spanish slowly exploited the Aztec resources to the point where they started killing people for no reason but to exterminate them. One of the turning events during the Spanish conquest is the massacre in the main temple during the fiesta Toxcatl. The Aztecs begged their king to hold festivities in honor of the god Huitzilopochtli. After they got permission, they very carefully prepared for festivities and sworn to do their best dancing at the festivities to show the Spanish the beauty of their rituals. The Spanish showed that they are interested to learn more about the festivities, but they were planning to murder all the celebrants. When the celebrations began, the Spanish showed up in their armors and carried weapons. Soon after, they sealed off all entrances to the palace so that no one can leave, and then they engaged in massive killing of everyone that participated. They brutally murdered every living person they could find. This event was very import ant, because it triggered the anger of the Aztecs, the people no longer wanted to obey the king who advised them not to fight back, they no longer believed that the Spanish were sacred. The Aztecs were angry and wanted revenge, chaos reigned over the entire empire. From that point on, there was nothing but battles between the Spanish and the Aztecs; it also resulted in the murder of the Aztec king who was no longer useful after the massacre. This brings a logical explanation for why the Chinese refused to let Europeans into their culture. The Chinese did not commit the same mistake as the Aztecs, The Chinese strictly controlled all aspects of contact between all European encounters and Chinese people, this is the main reason why the Chinese people were not as badly exploited and exterminated as the Aztecs

England and Stalin essays

England and Stalin essays Elizabethan England and Russia during Stalin There are and have been many cultures upon this earth. There are cultures that might seem weird to us and cultures that look at us in wonderment. They have different lifestyles and whole different outlooks on life. Studying cultures is a work in itself. By studying and comparing other cultures, we can find out more about our culture and ourselves. Cultures contain different folkways. In the Random House Dictionary, folkways is defined as the ways of living and acting in a human group, built up without conscious design but serving as compelling guides of conduct(551). For example in our society we could define marriage folkways for LDS, and explain why it happens so early and also how the law of chastity plays a big part upon that. Elizabethan England is a culture full of folkways that might seem different to us, but explain to us a lot about our culture also. While Stalin was in control of Russia, the cultures there are hard for us to understand. It was much different fro m our culture now, and we can also learn a lot from them. Elizabethans refers to all those that lived in England during the time of Queen Elizabeths reign. Stalinism defined Stalins totalitarian control. Elizabeth I lived from 1533-1603 .She was the daughter of King Henry VIII, and because of no males in the order she became queen in 1558. She reigned for 45 years (Adler 320). This was a time where they were making the change to become more modern, but still had the effects of the old society upon them. Stalin lived from 1879 -1953 (Adler p. 636). He lived in Russia during a time of great depression. The old government was struggling and looking for a new hope to guide them to have a better economy. This struggle to change is shown in a look at their folkways. I think if one compares Elizabethan England and Stalins Russias social ways, marriage ways, and religiou...

Why Are We Happy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Are We Happy - Essay Example In his speech, Gilbert had broken down happiness in two categories: Synthetic and Natural. As he noted, â€Å"Natural happiness is when we get what we wanted and Synthetic Happiness is what we make when we don’t get what we wanted.† (â€Å"TED Talks: Dan Gilbert asks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Normally, people will think that synthetic happiness is not true happiness but a defense mechanism to avoid hurting our egos. However, based on the studies that the speaker presented, it is scientifically proven that people tend to accept the end result of whatever decisions that they make no matter how unfortunate it is, and eventually become truly happy about it. To illustrate this, he exhibited a study between the percentage of happiness of lottery winners and paraplegics after a year. The data showed that the level of happiness between the two groups of people was equal. The lottery winners might have a higher level of happiness in the beginning but it evened out during the course of th e year. This is because the mind has the capacity to synthesize happiness thus it can alter the initial response to a situation into a better one. As Gilbert explained, â€Å"The fact is, year after they lose their leg, and a year after winning the lotto, lottery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives†¦ The research that my laboratory has been doing†¦ had revealed something really startling to us. Something that we call the impact bias is the tendency for the simulator to work badly. For the simulator to make you believe that different outcomes are more different than the fact that they really are.† (â€Å"TED Talks: Dan Gilbert asks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). During the presentation, it can be observed that the speaker connects to the audience and everybody seems to be actually listening throughout the whole time. Noticeably, the three elements of effective arguments or appeals by Aristotle, ethos, pathos, and logos, were essentially delivered. Ethos refe rs to the appeal to the character of the speaker (Kennedy). It further demonstrates that if the speaker is credible, reliable or respected enough, his audience will actually believe the message that he’s trying to convey.

NutriSoil LS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NutriSoil LS - Essay Example Worm leachate is extracted and packaged as NutriSoil LS in 2 liter, 5 liter, 25 liter and 1000 liter tanks. Leachate is liquid that drains from landfills. NutriSoil LS claims it helps produce higher yield per acre and a higher rate of growth. There is scant data to support or refute these claims. One company report published represents the pseudoscientific method on which some of these claims are based (http://www.nutrisoil.com.au/farmers). In 2008, NutriSoil researchers planted 900 acres of hay to presumably demonstrate the effectiveness of their product. They conducted trials in on two 30 acre plots planted next to one another. They reportedly cut large round bales of hay in late October and again in early January 2009. Neither plot was artificially irrigated. They applied NutriSoil at 5L per hectare in September 2008 and again after the first hay cut. Their yield reports were as follows: Ultimately the findings do not impact the claims of NutriSoil LS at all. The study reports do not meet minimum methodological standards.

Fair And Equitable Treatment Of Organizational Stakeholders Essay

Fair And Equitable Treatment Of Organizational Stakeholders - Essay Example It continues by indentifying various performance criteria including those which focus on financial performance and those associated with the concept of a ‘triple bottom line’. To assist in reaching conclusions about the merits of competing views, the paper analyses the various drivers including the competitive environment, corporate governance, agency theory and sustainability. An approach that was prompted by the views of D’Aveni,(1994) that fair and equitable stakeholder engagement has always played an important role within corporate governance and is important for the success of an organisation especially within highly competitive markets. Stakeholders In any organization there are a number of stakeholder groups as represented by the traditional form of the stakeholder model (Figure 1). Each of these groups may have different views about how the organisation should behave (Palmer and Hartley, 2011, p178); employees, for example, may feel unfairly treated if they are not rewarded adequately or are not given the right working conditions. Supply chain associates expect organizations to honour their contracts whist government is increasingly expecting business organizations to take over many responsibilities from the public sector such as in the payment of sickness, maternity and other benefits (Palmer and Hartley, 2011, p182). ... They expect the firm’s management to meet their expectations and take care of their needs, and allow them to take part in various decision-making activities that can influence the interests that are at risk (Ulmer, 2001). Consumers buy products that bring in revenues for the corporation and, which can be used for developing new items and services as well as in adding quality to existing products (Cohen and Prusak, 2001). Thus, the consumers possess a legal and reasonable interest in the quality of the products and services being provided by a firm and in the nature of the information provided such as the potential harmful effects of products like alcohol or cigarettes. They expect the firm to adopt a more consumer friendly and quality oriented approach on the basis that it will encourage them to buy more goods and services which in turn helps to improve the performance of the organisation. Suppliers are important to any business as they provide raw materials and other inputs w hich the firm requires to produce its goods and/or services. Therefore, the firms are clients of, and hence in a relationship with the supplier. The latter has its money at risk, for example it may be invested in raw materials (Cohen and Prusak, 2001). This is of special importance to minor suppliers which are dependent on large corporations, especially if they are their chief or even only client. In such cases of high dependencies, these small suppliers tend to focus on improving the quality of products delivered to the large firms, which further increases the level of dependency on their clients. Here the suppliers seek to bargain for a more close relationship with the client-firms, and not be

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis Ethics Essay Introduction All psychological studies focusing on human being needs to obtain ethical approval by the Psychology Research Ethics Committee. Psychologist wishing to conduct a research/study must first submit a filled in form of psychology ethics committee application cover page, write up a detail proposal describing the research process and attach any supporting documents. These steps are compulsory prior to research in order to protect participants from inhumane harm. Due to past examples of highly unethical research like the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment and â€Å"David Reimer† experiment, it has triggered psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in psychology which provides ethical guidelines for researchers. The code of ethics includes informed consent, voluntary participation, right to withdraw, accurate reporting, do no harm, debriefing and desensitisation. Experiment 1 – Unethical Reasons The first example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1920 at John’s Hopkins University by behavioural psychologist John B. Watson and his assistant. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate whether fear is something born with or can be learned due to exposure of environmental influences; and if phobia can be developed by classical conditioning. The participant was 9 month old infant, Little Albert. In the experiment, Little Albert was first exposed to various white or furry objects and happenings that usually cause fear. Next, a white lab rat was given to Albert and he showed no fear. Watson then made loud banging sounds behind Albert’s back every time he touched the rat – Little Albert cried. He became upset when he was exposed to the white rat again as he linked the rat with the banging noise produced. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as Little Albert was not protected from psychological harm – the main purpose of the experiment is to test if fear can be developed by classical conditioning. Also, Watson knew that there will be not be sufficient time left to treat any possible fears/harms caused. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as Little Albert did not volunteer for the study, he is too young. Little Albert was chosen from the hospital where his mother worked as a wet nurse. She is financially dependent on the hospital for income and feared that she would lose her job if she disagreed Little Albert’s participation. In addition, she received $1 for Little Albert’s participation in the experiment. In a way, she was forced to agree for participation in order to keep her job and due to aid in financial struggles. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his mother was never informed about the procedure, the pros cons and withdrawal rights of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"desensitisation and debriefing† guideline is breached as there was no removal of ill effects and Little Albert was never treated for his fears as he left the hospital right after the experiment ended. As a result, Little Albert developed fears towards anything that was white fluffy and grown up having a phobia of dogs. Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, the do no harm and desensitisation guideline could be linked together. Watson should have suggested treatment plans to help remove the harm and cause of fear of Little Albert. This is extremely crucial in protecting the participants from future psychological problems that may have a significant impact on their lives. Secondly, Watson should have chosen other babies who didn’t have parents who worked in that hospital, so that they do not feel pressured to accept the request. Also, Watson should not use money to gain agreement for participation. Lastly, Watson should have properly inform Little Albert’s mom about the experiment procedure and make it clear that he had the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time without any problems caused. Experiment 2 – Unethical The second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1965 at John’s Hopkins Hospital by sexologist Dr Money. The purpose of the experiment was to prove that nurture, instead of nature determines gender identity and sexual orientation. The participant was 22 month old baby, David Reimer. In the experiment, the baby underwent a sex re–assignment surgery where his testes were surgically removed. David (now Brenda) changed his name and was brought up as a female. The plan failed when his family finally revealed her original gender at age 15. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as David Reimer experienced severe psychological harm – he committed suicide at age 38. Also, the experiment has indirectly caused harm to his family: his mom was suicidal, his dad was alcoholic and his twin brother was severely depressed committed suicide at the end. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as David Reimer did not volunteer for the study, his parents were equally horrified by the suggestion of a sex change, but eventually agreed to the procedure. Little did they know Dr Money’s real intention – to use David to prove his â€Å"theory of gender neutrality†, which states that gender can be trained by being brought up in an appropriate environment. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his parents were not properly informed of the experiment. They were not told what was going on during the kidsâ€⠄¢ yearly meetings with Dr Money. Fourthly, the â€Å"accurate reporting† guideline is breached. Dr Money wrote a report on his study and claimed that the experiment was a huge success and that his theory is supported, which greatly contradicts the data from previous reports. It is clear that the Reimer family were having huge psychological issues – David wasn’t living up to his role as Dr Money had described in his report. Dr Money has falsified the outcome of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"withdrawal rights† is breached as David and his twin brother Brian were forced to travel to Baltimore for yearly meetings with Dr Money until they refused (not because they had the right to withdraw, but because they were too frightened to see him) Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, Dr Money should have suggested a psychiatrist to evaluate David and provide counselling treatment to aid in his acceptance of his true gender. Dr Money should have suggested treatment centres for the Reimer family to visit to remove all negative effects caused by the hidden truth of David’s real gender. Secondly, Dr Money should have debrief the Reimer family of his real intentions of using David as an experimental object is due to selfishness, instead of persuading them to believe that a sex change is indeed the best advice that Dr Money can give. Thirdly, Dr Money should have informed David’s parents of what he did during the yearly meetings. In those meetings, he frightened the twins by using disgusting and inappropriate ways to make a clear cut difference between feminine and masculine. He made David and his twin perform sexual acts and took photos of them naked. Lastly, Dr Money should have accurately report his experiment results. Many textbooks were re-written just to publish his theory that he stated as supported, which in reality just clearly contradicts the whole experiment result when David committed suicide due to depression. Conclusion All in all, when there weren’t any ethical guidelines in the past, unethical experiments can be conducted by psychologists for selfish and illegitimate reasons. It is due to such unethical experiments that urged psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in order to protect the participants from inhumane harm. All psychologist have to strictly follow the guidelines in order to obtain approval to conduct their intended experiment. Due to the lack of guidelines in the past, Little Albert was psychologically harmed that he developed a phobia which was not treated. David Reimer was also psychologically harmed as he was not informed of his original gender until 15 years later where his whole family broke down psychologically. Previously, â€Å"she† was so confused and was often teased about her questionable gender identity, which also impacted on her self-esteem. In reality, both experiments could be run ethically even if a code of ethics was not issued in the early days. However, this is dependent on the degree of common sense and humaneness the psychologist designs the experiment. Referencing Introduces the reader to the fact that psychological research today must follow ethical guidelines. Briefly states what these guidelines are. Explains that there are examples of past research that would breach today’s guidelines. Describes an example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Describes a second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines.. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the second example of research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Sums up main points of the essay (does not introduce any new information or ideas). Harvard in-text referencing and a full reference list is essential

World War II :: World War 2 Two

World War 11 When the World War I broke out in 1914, with Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. America’s first reaction was to stay out to conflict. President Wilson, in his speech to the Congress on August 19, 1914 said: "Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality. The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men’s souls. We must be impartial in thought as well as in action." All American leaders favored neutrality. While the entire European continent was divided into two camps: Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey as Central Powers were pitted against the Allied powers: Serbia, Britain, France, Belgium, Italy and Russia. As the war progressed, American public sympathies veered to the Allied side. Under the leadership of J.P. Morgan and Company many banking firms gave huge loans to the Allied powers. By international rules the neutral country could trade with any other neutral nation and also with other ’belligerent’ countries not facing a blockade. The Americans wished to continue trade with both belligerent sides. In the initial stages of the war the British blockade of Germany created problems for the U.S. The British tried to stop all trade between Germany and the rest of the world. They extended their blockade by controlling imports to other neutral countries like Holland, Denmark and Sweden with are geographically close to Germany The Americans protested against the violation of neutral rights though Wilson never put undue pressure on England as no U.S. citizen lost his life due to the blockade. Moreover, all cargo seized was paid for at war. It was the German use of submarines in the war that brought the U.S. in direct confrontation with Germany. The German submarines fired indiscriminately at neutral ships too. The last straw was when the British passenger liner ’Lusitania’ was sunk by German submarines on May 7. It resulted in the loss of 1,200 lives which included 128 Americans. The American public was outraged. President Wilson immediately demanded compensation from Germany in a series of notes to Berlin. The tone of these notes was very crisp and harsh. Ten months after the incident, Germany apologized for the sinking and offered a compensation for the loss. But the U.S. was not satisfied. Wilson wanted to make Germany stop the use of submarines in the war.

Economics Essay

Save this file in your course folder, and name it with Assignment, the section number, and your first initial and last name. For example, Jessie Robinson’s assignment for Section 1 would be named JRobinson. Type the answers to the assignment questions below. Use complete sentences unless the question says otherwise. You will have more than one day to complete an assignment. At the end of each day, be sure to save your progress. Review Lesson 4 of the Course Overview for instructions about turning in your assignments. Assignment Questions In Section 1, you learned about economic principles. Now, you’ll apply what you learned. 1. Choose a well-known company that you know of, and answer the following questions about it: a. Is this mainly a product-based or service-based business? (1.0 points) it is mainly a product based company. b. What type of good or service is this company best known for? (1.0 points it is a food service company so it is known for the food. c. What makes the company different from its competitors? (1-3 sentences. 3.0 points) this company is known for there quality of fast food. The food is prepared much more fresh than other companies much like this one. This company also tends to have more of a range of foods to pick from. d. Why do you think this company became successful? Describe at least one reason. (1-5 sentences. 2.0 points) I think this company became successful because it was not the first company like it and people like to be able to grab something quickly and go so fast food works well. 2. Choose a different well-known company that you know of, and describe its direct and indirect competitors. Describe at least 2 direct competitors and 2 indirect competitors. (1-5 sentences. 4.0 points) a indirect competitor would be for example if someone opens a shop selling Malay rice while the opposite street another person is selling the same rice but then comes along a person selling Chinese fried rice. Although the person who is selling the Chinese fried rice and the two other competitors are selling Malay rice, the person selling the Chinese fried rice is considered an indirect competitor. But for another example a pizza shop in competition wit a fried chicken shop would be indirect because the products are not the same but they are still competing for sales. 3. Describe at least 3 nonprice competition strategies a company could use to convince customers that its product is better than other similar products. Why would those strategies matter to customers? (1-6 sentences. 3.0 points) It is better quality so it will last longer, it has a better warranty in case anything goes wrong, it functions or looks better than the opposition, the design is future projected. They would matter to the customers because customers care about the quality of whatever product it is they are possibly thinking about investing in. customers also don’t want things that are going to out of date in a year. And of course the customer is going to purchase the product depending on how much better they think it is in general including the appearance of the product. 4. Describe a real or made up but possible example of a product that went through a time of scarcity. What was likely to happen to the price of the product when it was scarce, and why? (1-3 sentences. 3.0 points) alcohol during the prohibition. The price skyrocketed. As the penalties for breaking the law increased, so did the demand and price. 5. Describe a product you know of that has elastic demand. Why is the demand for this product elastic? Explain. (1-3 sentences. 3.0 points) a stock in a micro cap company or a gas pharmaceutical company. Its factors are that the government proposing a law that is in favor of te industry, media, and just regular speculation.

Definition and Examples of Pseudowords

Definition and Examples of Pseudowords A pseudoword is a fake word- that is, a string of letters that resembles a real word (in terms of its orthographic and phonological structure) but doesnt actually exist in the language. Also known as  jibberwacky or a wug word.   Some examples of monosyllabic pseudowords in English are heth, lan, nep, rop, sark, shep, spet,  stip, toin, and  vun. In the study of language acquisition and language disorders, experiments involving the repetition of pseudowords have been used to predict literacy achievement later in life. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Ghost WordLiteracyMountweazelNeologismNonce WordNonsense WordStunt Word Examples and Observations Pseudowords are letter strings which have no meaning, but which are pronounceable because they conform to the orthography of the languages include pseudowords such as shum, laip, and cigbet. Pseudowords can be read by application of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules even though the words are not real and have not been encountered in print or in spoken language. Although it has been argued that pseudowords may be read by analogy to words, some awareness of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules and segmentation skills are necessary to read a pseudoword correctly. For example, for a correct reading of the pseudoword dake, it must be segmented into an initial letter d and a rime or word body ake; the latter could be read by analogy to cake, but the sound of d and the segmentation itself are, in fact, phonological processing skills.(Linda S. Siegel, Phonological Processing Deficits and Reading Disabilities. Word Recognition in Beginning Literacy, ed. by Jamie L. Metsala and Linnea C. Ehri. La wrence Erlbaum, 1998) Pseudowords and Brain ActivityIn some studies no differences in brain activation for real words and pseudowords are observed (Bookheimer et al. 1995), indicating that the tasks activate brain regions for orthographic and phonological but not semantic coding. . . . Presenting the same pseudoword repeatedly so that it is no longer an unfamiliar word reduces activity in right lingual gyrus, suggesting that that structure plays a role in learning to recognize familiar words (Frith et al. 1995).(Virginia Wise Berninger and Todd L. Richards, Brain Literacy for Educators and Psychologists. Elsevier Science, 2002) Alternate Spellings: pseudo word, pseudo-word

Free Essays on Discrimination

Discrimination in America Discrimination in America is often overlooked. In the poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† I realized that American Indians are being discriminated against and stereotyped as someone their not. This poem makes me think of all the ways in which we as a society discriminate against the American Indians. Every day I see something that in some way discriminates against the American Indian. A big problem is professional sports teams with their logos and mascots, but there are also other things like television that really stereotype the American Indians. Actually, I’m not even going to call them American Indians anymore since they were here before America. Chrystos, in his poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† makes fair accusations and feels like he is being extremely discriminated against. â€Å"Saw young blond hippie boy with a red stone pipe/ My eyes burned him up/ He smiled This is a Sioux pipe he said from his sports car/ Yes I hiss Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m wondering how you got it/ and the name is Lakota not Sioux/ I’ll tell you he said all friendly & liberal as only/ those with no pain can be.†(Chrystos, 2-8). The young hippie boy in the poem doesn’t mean to be disrespectful, but he is. The nerve of that hippie to try and tell Chrystos what something from Chrystos’ heritage is. People are just being too ignorant to realize that Indians in our society are being treated like shit. In his poem, Chrystos is just asking for some respect for his race of people. He is disgusted that someone like the hippie and the man with a Haida design can be so ignorant to not even know that they are using and wearing sacred things. â€Å"Today was a day I wanted to beat up the smirking man wearing/ a pack with a Haida design from Moe’s bookstore/ Listen Moe’s How many Indians do you have working there?/ How much money are you sending the Haida people/ to use their sacred design?ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Discrimination Free Essays on Discrimination Discrimination in America Discrimination in America is often overlooked. In the poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† I realized that American Indians are being discriminated against and stereotyped as someone their not. This poem makes me think of all the ways in which we as a society discriminate against the American Indians. Every day I see something that in some way discriminates against the American Indian. A big problem is professional sports teams with their logos and mascots, but there are also other things like television that really stereotype the American Indians. Actually, I’m not even going to call them American Indians anymore since they were here before America. Chrystos, in his poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† makes fair accusations and feels like he is being extremely discriminated against. â€Å"Saw young blond hippie boy with a red stone pipe/ My eyes burned him up/ He smiled This is a Sioux pipe he said from his sports car/ Yes I hiss Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m wondering how you got it/ and the name is Lakota not Sioux/ I’ll tell you he said all friendly & liberal as only/ those with no pain can be.†(Chrystos, 2-8). The young hippie boy in the poem doesn’t mean to be disrespectful, but he is. The nerve of that hippie to try and tell Chrystos what something from Chrystos’ heritage is. People are just being too ignorant to realize that Indians in our society are being treated like shit. In his poem, Chrystos is just asking for some respect for his race of people. He is disgusted that someone like the hippie and the man with a Haida design can be so ignorant to not even know that they are using and wearing sacred things. â€Å"Today was a day I wanted to beat up the smirking man wearing/ a pack with a Haida design from Moe’s bookstore/ Listen Moe’s How many Indians do you have working there?/ How much money are you sending the Haida people/ to use their sacred design?ï ¿ ½...

Management strategy and policy research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management strategy and policy - Research Paper Example The net revenue of the company in the financial year 2011 was $701.29 million, which reflects a reflecting a strong financial situation of the company. Aramex is a publicly traded joint stock company registered under United Arab Emirates laws and its shares are traded in Dubai financial market. The company is currently headquartered at Amman, Jordan and has its business wings spread all over the world. The organizational structure of the company is well defined and is managed along two tracks - 1) by service 2) geographically, with the help of, country managers, regional senior managers and cross?functional country?based‘Aramexteams’ that is providing harmonization of all Aramex services on a modified basis to Aramex customers (â€Å"About Aramex†). The organizational structure of the company is presented below: - Organizational structure of Aramex and how it impacts the design and implementation of Strategy Figure 1 – Corporate management Structure of Aram ex (Source: Aramex, â€Å"Sustainability Report 2006† 8) The above chart clearly points out about the departments or divisions of the organization. In addition, the chart also sheds light on the way Aramex is carrying out and managing its business functions. Presently the company has 4 major departments namely marketing, IT (information technology), finance and the operations departments. Each of the departments is being headed by the VP’s (Vice Presidents). From the organizational chart it has also observed that the company has appointed VP’s in different location. Most of them are responsible for managing the operation of the allotted areas. The structure followed by the company is therefore clearly divisional structure. However, these VP’s do not report to any of the departmental heads, rather they directly reports to the CEO of the company. Apart from them, other business heads such as the chief technology officer, chief marketing officer, group finan cial controller, Sr. VP finance and CFO, VP logistics and ground operation, Sr. VP cargo, VP express, chief strategy office, vice president, as well as the in front managing director. Hence, it is obvious that the company has been able to streamline its business process with this organizational arrangement. On the contrary, if the arrangement wouldn’t have been appropriate the performance of the company was sure to be negatively impacted. However, the financial results of the company clearly points out that the company is doing well in the market place. The flat and decentralized management structure of the organization is one of the key drivers of success for the company. The simple and flexible structure of the organization has allowed them to empower the employees of the organization and also make decision pertaining to the enhancement of the company’s service offerings irrespective of the location of the organization and the level at which they are operating (Arame x, â€Å"the age of entrepreneur† 4). Nevertheless, a number of studies reveal that the organizational structure has a strong impact on the design, formulation and implementation of the organizational strategies. Organizational strategy and structure are highly related as the organizational strategy of a company helps them to describe, identify and build the organizational structure. This is the reason why the organizational structure of a company is based on the outcome of the analysis of the

Develop a personal view on what business ethics means Essay

Develop a personal view on what business ethics means - Essay Example In the case above, ethical values can be demonstrated where the law suggests that animals are to be given intrinsic value as well as their value of human welfare. It is therefore important to observe species such as the turtles which are known to be scarce thus should not be discriminated. Recent development in North American beaches has significantly reduced the existence of these species as that’s where they breed. Ethical dilemmas are a normal occurrence to many managers. Sea turtles in the US water have been an endangered species for a long time. Due to the growing number of endangered species in the US an act referred to as Endangered Species Act was passed in 1973. This was meant to protect the endangered and threatened animal and plant species. Turtle’s population in America has decreased in the past years as a result of many predisposing factors like beach development on their habitat, killing of females and taking away the eggs, leaking oil in the water basins, water pollution and extravagant fishing. Efforts have been set to protect the endangered species. These efforts include; after the female hatch, the eggs are taken to a protected marine environment where they would hatch, introduction of the TED, increase in the number of hatcheries and regulation of the inshore areas (Cruver 2002). Despite many challenges to save the turtle which included violence against the use of TED device, more efforts were put into place to enhance their sa fety. Anyone who violated the TED was fined depending on the circumstances. The TED device however faced many critics which followed with shrimpers protesting that they were forced to use TED. United States population consumes a lot of turtles and to save them they started importing from China and other countries where fishing of turtles is legal. Such kind of arguments showed that there was need for a law to protect the lives of sea animals and encourage them from reproduction. All

Faulty Arguments in the Field of Herbalism, Natural Cures and Plant Coursework

Faulty Arguments in the Field of Herbalism, Natural Cures and Plant Medicine - Coursework Example The reasoning behind this phrase is poor because it insinuates that herbal products are safer, healthier, and has lower rates of toxicity compared to other medicinal drugs which is not true. It is also a dogmatic phrase which may be interpreted to mean that use of pharmaceuticals may result to harm. Andrew Weil, the mastermind and inventor of Arizona Center for Integrative medicine. He says ‘I did ethnobotanical study in South America, researching native uses for coca leaf, which most of us know only as the source of the isolated, problematic, addictive drug cocaine†¦if you look carefully at the coca leafs molecular array, you find 14 bioactive alkaloids, with cocaine in the greatest amount†¦Herbs like coca can "tone" the body and bring it back to homeostasis’. The source is The Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-weil-md/why-plants-are-usually-be_b_785139.html. This is an illustration of a non-sequiter, appeal to authority, poor logic and faulty statistics. The reasoning behind it is poor since its conclusion doesn’t infer the premise. It also emphasizes on his expertise owing to convince the masses concerning his opinions. It also does not have firm deductions to the conclusions made. It also claims that a coca leaf has 14 bioact ive alkaloids but it does not give precise details how he obtained this data. David Kroll holds a doctor of philosophy in therapeutics and pharmacology. He coaches the public on organic commodities and botanical plants supplements. He says ‘Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, or thunder god vine†¦has a history of use as an anti-inflammatory herb. As with many traditional medicines, usage patterns do not necessarily indicate scientific validity. In fact, a Cochrane review published just last month on herbal therapies for rheumatoid arthritis indicated that the efficacy of thunder god vine was mixed. More concerning is that the herb had significant adverse effects in some trials, from hair

Famous Psychologist Essay Example for Free

Famous Psychologist Essay Throughout psychologys relatively brief history, there have been many famous psychologists who have left their mark both on psychology and on the world at large. While some of these individuals do not necessarily fit todays definition of a psychologist, a term which indicates a doctoral-level degree in psychology, their influence on psychology is without question. Learn more about psychologists by browsing through this list of some of the most famous thinkers in psychology history. Alfred Adler Public Domain Alfred Adler is known as one of the most influential thinkers in psychology. While he was initially a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Adler eventually departed from Freuds theories and developed his own perspective, which he called Individual Psychology. He had a strong influence on a number of other eminent psychologists, including Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Karen Horney. Mary Ainsworth Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist best known for her research on attachment theory and the development of the strange situation assessment. Her work played an important role in our understanding of child development and has influenced other fields including education. Gordon Allport Gordon Allport was a psychologist perhaps best-known as one of the founding figures of personality psychology. He also developed a trait theory of personality that described three broad categories of personality traits. Solomon Asch Solomon Asch was a pioneering social psychologist. His famous conformity experiments demonstrated that people will claim that something is correct when it obviously is not due to social pressure from peers. Asch also had an important influence on psychologist Stanley Milgram, whose own obedience experiments were inspired by Aschs work. Albert Bandura Albert Bandura is a psychologist known for his famous Bobo doll experiment as well as his concepts of self-efficacy and social learning. Bandura’s work is considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that began in the late 1960s. His theories have had tremendous impact on personality psychology, cognitive psychology, education, and therapy. Alfred Binet Public Domain Alfred Binet was a French psychologist famous for his development of the first widely used intelligence test. He is often described as one of the most influential thinkers in psychology history and his original test still serves as the basis for modern measures of intelligence. Mary Whiton Calkins Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female president of the American Psychological Association. She studied at Harvard with famous teachers including William James and Hugo Munsterberg. Despite completing all of the requirements for a doctorate degree in psychology, Harvard refused to grant her degree simply because she was a woman. James McKeen Cattell Image courtesy Library of Congress James McKeen Cattell was the first U.S. psychology professor. He is an important figure in psychology thanks to his work in intelligence, his use of quantitative methods and his focus on establishing psychology as a legitimate science. Raymond Cattell Image from Wikimedia Commons Raymond Cattell was a pioneering thinker who is perhaps best known for his use of multivariate analysis and his 16-factor personality model. Mamie Phipps Clark Mamie Phipps Clark was a pioneering psychologist known for her important research on child development and self-concept among minorities. As the first black woman to graduate from Columbia University, she faced discrimination because of her race and her gender. Her research with her husband, Kenneth Clark, played a major role in the Supreme Courts decision in the pivotal Brown vs. Board of Education case. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Hes an important contemporary psychologist, but one of your first questions is probably How do you pronounce his name? (Its me-HIGH chick-sent-me-HIGH-ee, by the way.) Learn more about his work and contributions to modern psychology in this brief biography. John Dewey Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons John Dewey was an American psychologist, philosopher, writer and educational theorist. His work had a vital influence on psychology, education and philosophy and he is often considered one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th-century. His emphasis on progressive education has contributed greatly to the use of experimentation rather than an authoritarian approach to knowledge. Erik Erikson Public Domain Erik Eriksons well-known stage theory of psychosocial development helped generate interest and inspire research on human development through the lifespan. An ego psychologist who studied with Anna Freud, Erikson expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring development throughout the full lifespan, including events of childhood, adulthood and old age. Hans Eysenck Image from the Wikimedia Commons / Sirswindon at en.wikipedia Hans Eyesenck was a very prolific psychologist, publishing more than 75 books and 1600 journal articles. Prior to his death in 1997, he was the living psychologist most frequently cited in scientific books and journal articles. He was also a very controversial figure, and his outspoken views of subjects ranging from psychotherapy to intelligence made him the subject of criticism. Leon Festinger Leon Festinger was an influential social psychologist who is well-known for his theory of cognitive dissonance as well as his social comparison theory. Anna Freud Anna Freud began her career influenced by the theories of her father, Sigmund Freud. Far from living in her fathers shadow, Anna made important contributions of her own to psychology. She founded child psychoanalysis and summarized the egos defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936). Sigmund Freud Public Domain Sigmund Freud may be one of the best known figures in history, but he is also one of the most controversial. He was the founder of the school of thought known as psychoanalysis. The legacy of his life and work provokes both impassioned acclaim from his supporters and disdain from his detractors. While some view him as a cultural icon and others see him as a pseudo-scientific charlatan, there is no question that Freud left an indelible mark on psychology as well as other disciplines. Erich Fromm Liss Goldring / Erich Fromm Estate Erich Fromm was a neo-Freudian psychoanalyst who had a major influence on humanistic psychology. Today Fromm is remembered for his concept of freedom as a fundamental component of human nature.

Change Management Process And Basic Needs Management Essay

Change Management Process And Basic Needs Management Essay Change as we call it is quite inevitable and it is very necessary in todays fast changing environment and competition. Organizational change management is focused at when big changes need to take place. There are numerous change management models that can be used by companies today in order to successfully implement the change and meet its objectives. The Kurt Lewin Model is an old model still used today. Change management aims at bringing better results than those currently experienced. In change management one understands that there are better ways of performing a particular task in an effective and efficient manner while meeting all the customers expectations and standards of performance. So we can use the ADKAR model here to manage change. Change management theory has 5 principles based upon it like: At first we see that people display and show different reactions to change as each individual is different and unique in their own way. Secondly people strive to meet their basic needs regardless of their stature, occupation or living standards. Thirdly for each of the change to take place the person has to loose something initially to help make the implementation of the change successful. All the people put in varied amounts of efforts for the change as per their perception so the change activity needs to be realistic in nature. Change brings with it fear and a feeling of mistrust so change management can only take place if these people face their fears. These five principles need to be implemented properly by the company to actually make the change process feasible and successful. Change management requires acceptability from all the concerned stakeholders as it cannot succeed by acceptance of one but by only a collective effort of many. (Change Management 100 Success Secrets) A good hockey player plays where the puck is. A great hockey player plays where the puck is going to be Wayne Gretzky, Canadian ice hockey player Change Management (2008) Literature Review Kurt Lewin Change Management Model In 1947 Kurt Lewin proposed a three stage theory of Change which is very relevant till date and most newer models are quite based on this model. The three stages are: Unfreeze This is the most critical stage as it involves preparing oneself before a change is implemented. It involves understanding that a change needs to take place and the employees need to get out of the comfort zone. A deadline needs to there to which some reward/punishment is linked to motivate the people to go for the change and accept it. So unfreezing one-self and seeing the inherent advantages outweighing the disadvantages lead to a successful change. This refers to another Kurt Lewins theory called the Force Field Analysis. So as per the Force Field Analysis if the pros outweigh the cons then change can take place smoothly as it acts as a pushing factor but if not then there is resistance which can be detrimental to the objective and purpose of the change. We can actually take a practical example to illustrate the above diagram in a better position in the case of Tata motors in the Analysis section. Change So the next stage is the transition stage where the change actually happens. Here we see people have inhibitions as they are unsure of the results or consequences from the change process are taking place within the organization. Certain factors like training, guides and mentors can be used to make the learning process easier and faster as it helps the people to adapt and understand the objective and rationale for the change activity. Through self involvement and proper communication one can encourage the change to take place in an easier fashion. Freeze This stage is also called the refreezing stage as it involves if there is stability after the change has actually occurred. People now tend to adapt and accept the change and it becomes a part of their daily routine. Change is a continuous process and soon after the implementation of the change the next change process starts off at any point and can finish at any point of time. (Kurt Lewin Change Management Model (1947)) ADKAR: Simple, Powerful, Action Oriented Model for Change This model was developed by Jeff Hiatt, CEO of Prosci Change Management and it was first published in 2003. This model tells us that organizational change can succeed when each of the individual members of the organization transition through the change management process. There are five steps in this model: Awareness of the need for change This involves understanding why a particular change is necessary is the primary aspect of a successful change. We here find out the rationale and need behind the change. So the employee will fully understand why change is necessary. Desire to participate in and support the change Here the employee needs to make a personal decision to support the change and participate in the change. Only when the person is confident and convinced that the change is essential then only will he participate in the change activity. Proper incentives need to be formulated in order to motivate the person not to deter from the path of change. Knowledge on how to change This is the third stage of the model in which knowledge about the change can be imparted through training, mentorship and other educational methods. Two types of knowledge needs to be addressed: knowledge on how to change (things to be done during the transition or the time during which the change is being implemented) and knowledge on how to perform after the change activity is implemented. Ability to implement required skills and behaviors In this part of the building block Ability is referred to the difference between theory and practice. Once knowledge on how to change is in place then this is the theory being referred to and then comes the practical aspect which is the actual performance of the individual. This is a time conduming process and can be successfully implemented through practice, coaching and feedback. Reinforcement to sustain the change In the final stage of the model there is an essential component in which efforts made by the individual to sustain the change are pressed upon. Here it is ensured that changes made stay in place and that the employee does not slip back to his old ways which can be ensured through positive feedback, rewards, recognition, measuring performance and taking corrective actions. ADKAR Model of Change (2003) Kotters 8 steps for Leading Change Dr. John Kotter developed the 8 steps to change which can help organizations to avoid failure and be proactive to change. They are: Acting with Urgency It refers to identification of the problem and crisis areas in regards to the company, market and the competitive forces. Developing the Guiding Coalition Form a team of employees who would be responsible to handle the change efforts in a collective manner. Developing a Change Vision This step involves creating a vision and formulating the strategies to achieve the vision. Communicating the Vision buy-in There needs to be clear communication between the employees and the vision and the means to achieve it both need to be known by all the employees while keeping the team as the source of example. Empowering broad based action Use varied risky ideas, non-traditional means and other techniques not in the book to remove all the obstacles to the change. Generating short term wins Visible improvements need to be planned and all the incumbents should be duly rewarded for their efforts. Do not let up To change all the systems, structures and policies new employees maybe needed to be recruited, old ones removed and other promoted to meet the vision by also putting in new projects, ideas, work patterns, etc. Make change stick Use the leaders in the organization to show its employees the benefits of the change activity in both qualitative and quantitative terms so that people do not digress from the change activity. Kotters 8 steps of change (2005) Beckhard Harris Change Formulae In 1987 Beckhard and Harris developed the Change equation which helps the organization to identify all the possibilities to change. The change equation propounded is: D x V x F > R = Dissatisfaction x Vision x First steps > Resistance to Change All the three components must be present in congruence in order to overcome resistance to change. Dissatisfaction with the current happenings, Vision of what is to come in the near future, and the way/direction/First steps to reach or achieve this vision should all be there to repel the resistance to the change activity. Beckhard and Harriss Change Equation (1987) CASE STUDY Tata Motors Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover, based in the UK, are one of the key global auto majors companies that are engaged in manufacturing luxury sports saloons and sports cars that cater to the premium end of the market. On June 22, 2008; Tata Motors, Indias largest automobile company, acquired the Jaguar Land Rover businesses from Ford Motor Company for a net consideration of US $2.3 billion. (Press Release: 2nd June, 2008) But just immediately after the acquisition; the global financial sector collapsed and squeezed out global liquidity. The consequent lack of access to credit and working capital, along with the meteoric rise in commodities and fossil fuel prices, has an unprecedentedly devastating effect on the global automotive sector. All the automobile companies, hard hit by the crisis, posted major operating losses. Two of the three major U.S. car makers, General Motors and Chrysler, filed for bankruptcy. Jaguar Land Rover was hit hard in the second half of the year ended 31st March 2009. In the U.S, Europe and Japan, sales of new cars have declined by 16% in the second half of the year. Stimulus packages designed to rekindle demand were only partially successful. The volumes at JLR over the 10 months post acquisition reduced by 32% as compared to the comparable period in the previous year resulting in a Loss before tax of GB  £ 281 million. Europe was in doldrums. This was a major concern for the Tatas since it is a big market for Jaguar Land Rover. By the end of January 2009, Tata Motors had US$ 2 billion outstanding as regards the bridge loan. Moreover, JLR required additional investments, that too quickly, in order to sustain its operations that were burning cash at that juncture. Terming the acquisition as irrationally exuberant , critics started questioning the rationale for the companys move To compound the companys woes, the commercial launch of Tata Motors small car Nano required much more time than anticipated. The Nano was always more than just a car. It was Tata group supremo Ratan Tatas dream project to bring an affordable transportation solution within reach of the masses. The promise of a small car priced at Rs. 1 lakh had fired the imagination of an entire nation and the global automotive industry (Forbes) Faced with the altered dynamics of the new business environment, the company adapted its productive model as well as profit strategy to respond to the need of the hour. Prompt action was taken to reduce inventory, improve working capital, reduce investments and payroll costs including more than 2000 job losses. Transition initiatives were undertaken in marketing, customer financing support, IT and related infrastructure. The company appointed KPMG International and also Roland Berger Strategy Consultants to suggest appropriate action plans to reduce costs at the two brands. It retrenched 2,200 employees of JLR since it took over the management of JLR. The move was in sharp contrast to the well entrenched business practices followed by the Tata Group where no employees are retrenched. The company to secure flexible arrangements with the workforce in the UK. Tata Motors had Rs 191 crore in employee separation costs at JLR during the year ended 31st March 2009 The company finalized guarantee arrangements to access a  £340 million loan approved by the European Investment Bank. These funds will be used to develop new technologies for JLR. The Company prepaid part of the said facility out of proceeds of a Rights Issue and certain divestments and the balance outstanding as on March 31, 2009 was US$ 2.02 billion. For repayment of the said amount, the Company in May 2009 raised resources through further divestments and issued Secured Non-Convertible Credit Enhanced Rupee Debentures in four tranches, having tenors upto 7 years, aggregating Rs.4,200 crores on a private placement basis. The balance facility of US$ 1 billion was rolled over and guaranteed by the Company, by extending the final maturity upto December 2010. New launches were planned. Range Rover Evoque is to be launched in summer of 2011. With a view to capitalize on the growing demand for luxury cars in China, the company gave a major thrust to strategy for China and also explored possible assembly in India Tata Motors non-executive vice chairman Ravi Kant was quoted as saying: A lot of restructuring has happened at JLR but these are early days. We will continue with the cost reduction measures. (Press Meet, November 2010) Tata Motors Group CEO and Managing Director Carl-Peter Forster said, We are focussing on reducing costs and selective hiring for JLR. (Hindu) While sales of JLR, along with that of the Indian commercial vehicle segment significantly reduced in 2008-09 during the global meltdown, resulting in a consolidated loss for the company, all these segments registered an impressive recovery in 2009-10, an event that vindicated the sound fundamentals of the Companys longer-term strategies. The revival of Jaguar Land Rover was significant in April 2010 with global unit sales of the two British brands growing 61 percent, compared with the same month the year before. (Automotive News Europe) Source: Tata Motors Press Meet The efforts bore fruit when Tata Motors Limited posted a more than 100-fold gain in profit for the second-quarter ended 30th September 2010. Group net income, including Jaguar Land Rover, reached 22.2 billion rupees ($502 million) in the three months through September, compared with 218 million rupees a year earlier. This was attributable to global economic recovery, growing Chinese and US demand. (India Watch) Jaguar Land Rover reported a profit after tax of  £238 mn for the quarter ending Sept 2010. In a time span of eighteen months after the takeover, Tata Motors was able to turnaround the JLR story, adopting a strategy of cost-cutting and pushing sales. (MSN News) While JLR turnaround has been achieved, the declining sales of the Nano, the worlds cheapest car, continue to a major challenge for Tata Motors. For Nano, again, flexible to change, the company has initiated a pan-India campaign in order to promote and market the car. The strategy is to reach out to that class of buyers who were the original target base of the company. Senior executives at Tata Motors are closely following pro-active measures to reach out to customers. These include ensuring better coordination between banks and customers, facilitating tie-ups with regional finance institutions and opening newer channels to reach out to the end-consumer, among several others. However these efforts are yet to bear fruition. (Rediff) ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION We can see how the Force Field Analysis can be used in the analysis of the Tata Mators case: Eliminates Errors 1 Managers unhappy with clerical work 2 Faster execution of administrative work 1 Requires trained people 2 Online documentation eliminates the use of paper 4 Some of the activity costs shift to high paid staff 2 Reduces need for clerical staff 3 Cost of eliminating clerical staff 1 Increase Control and audit capabilities 1 Start up costs 1 Total 10 Total 8 From the above example we can clearly see that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages thus change can me possibly be implemented. Successful implementation of change is achieved by either making the driving forces strong or by making the preventive forces weak. After all these theories we can also look into some of the facts stated in regards to change management by research scholars in their papers. As per the findings of the paper Nobody in charge: Distributed Change agency in Healthcare we can clearly see that the authors that in complex organizations where a formal structure and environment is not present a more of a distributed change agency can be established where small teams and groups are formed. These teams have a wider scope of roles with distributed responsibility among all the stakeholders which was possible due to the change goals. Here nobody was watching over the other thus change was a lot voluntary. This is a good approach for such organizations to tackle with change. This concept could have been used by Tata Motors also to help in involving all the levels of management to get the due turnaround strategy in a faster and better manner. Nobody in charge: Distributed change agency in healthcare (2009) Another paper on change management in a dynamic business process tells us that we can make the execution of any business process flexible and adaptable to any situation through the change management technique. Run time change management softwares are used to make all the business processes in a company flexible and dynamic thus helping cope up with the demand for changes even after the new process has been implemented. Change Management in Dynamic Business Process (2010) Prof. Robert E. Ledez in his paper has shown change in a totally different picture. According to him employees perceive change with a very negative connotation and often relate it to downsizing, paycuts, layoffs and relocation. So the employees need to alter their mindset and enable change to take place as in this competitive and ever changing world change needs to take place in all forms like new technology, new ideas, innovations, structural changes and others. Change Management: Getting A Tuned Up Organization Kaizen means continuous improvement of productivity and quality which depends on the participation level of the entire workforce. This is a low-cost approach to productivity and quality improvement. Kaizen is applicable not only to the manufacturing sector but also to the service sector, public organizations, and non-profit organizations. Kaizen is one of most critical components of Japanese industrial support in developing countries. Introducing Kaizen (2009) In the review article of Asian Journal of Management Research it has explained change management as one that incorporates the tools of the company which can be utilized to help individuals to make winning personal evolutions resulting in the adoption and realization of change. The concept of change is not new to Indians, because change management programmes were conducted for Ministers in the Indian government and civil service officers during the 1980s. Change should be implemented smoothly while adapting all concerned stakeholders through planning, idea generation, sharing of information, preparation, evaluation, and reinforcing. There has to be the human resource as the backbone of this change. Implanting Change (2010) In the research paper Getting Organizational Change Right in Public Services: the Case of European Higher Education has thrown light towards the need or requirement of organizational change and the way to manage this change. Change for the sake of change can be detrimental to the organization so we can use the Bys model developed in 2007 called the conscious V/s unconscious change management theory which brings in successful organizational change. The rationale for the model is that most employees will realize that change initiatives are put forward and drilled into by personal interests, self preservation, indecision, lack of knowledge and incompetence rather than by requirement, knowledge, choice, competence, awareness and what is in the best interest of the sector and its stakeholders. Journal of Change Mangement (2008) Conclusion Actually in Kaizen (kai means change) and (zen mean for good) which is very relevant for all organizations today. The participative attitude of all the employees in any hierarchy can be used to find out different varied suggestions with regards to change in all the areas of the business. Change Management is a very evoking area and its necessity increases as the current economic and global climate demands constant evolution and change if companies want to prosper and grow. The technological innvovations, products and rising global competition will only enable the change that will be needed in order to compete. One cannot manage the past but can sure take charge of the future. In a book on managing change we see that organizations of today need to identify the skill set required to control, plan and manage the change activity. The employees need to determine the objectives, scope, and the direction of change and then formulate a structured implementation plan to cope with all the changes in the competitive environment. Managing Change (1991) In this book we see that today externally we find ourselves in an unpredictable economy with turbulent markets, self eclipsing technology and dramatic demographic trends which makes change imperative. It says that there needs to be a process of change in which there are Inputs are seen then strategy formulated, Transformation process and then Output is derived for the change activity. Through a proper strategic intent can change be formulated. Managing change (2004) Strategic Intent (1989) This book talks a lot about change and time period for change. It tells that organizations should focus on certain things for success like: Dont Delay the change activity as time and tide wait for no man. Change Today and not Tomorrow as there may be no tomorrow if the problem escalates. Do not let Bureaucracy hinder change. Change is for the good and is possible through proper communication. Change is simple but needs to be adapted well for results. By Reinventing and Repositioning the organization one can deal with all the oppositions to change. If we monitor the market and the environment we can anticipate and forecast change easily. Harvard Business School (2007)